고려 후기 염승익(廉承益)의 <보협인다라니·만다라> 제작과 주술 치유

Yom Sungik(廉承益) was a ch'ongshin (寵臣) or court favorite of the late Goryeo dynasty who was recognized for his ability to cure diseases using dhārņi and subsequently appointed prime minister of the country. Yom's quick ascension to such a distinguished post attests to the great significance of dharani among the people of Goryeo. Memorizing dhāra ņi as a way to obtain one's desire was a preexisting concept in the Silla period, However, unlike their predecessors, the people of Goryeo preferred the Baoqieyin Dharani(寶篋印陀羅尼,Precious Casket Seal Dharani) over the Mugujonggwang Taedaranigyong(無垢淨光大陀羅尼經,The Great Dhāraņi Sutra) as they believed the former text to be a more concise and effective vehicle for serving their needs. In this article I propose that Yõm Süngik used his understanding of the period's spiritual and religious beliefs to combine the Baoqieyin Dhāra ņi with the mandala of Esoteric Buddhism to create a new iconographic image in 1276, Sixteen years later in 1292, Yom supplemented the original image with spells from the Baoqieyin Dhāraņī and added other details such as the name of the image's creator as well as the place and date of production, In this new version of the dhāraņi-mandala image, the various mantras from Baoqieyin Dharaņī are arranged in a circle that is imbued with the power of dharani and its therapeutic potency. The center of the circle is a mandala composed an eight-petaled lotus as well as the thirty-seven deities symbolizing the birth and source of life, In this way, Yõm condensed the essential components of Buddhist ideology that most appealed to believers to create a modified dhāraņi-mandala image that was produced in great quantities and distributed throughout Goryeo, Both the 1276 and 1292 versions of Yom's dhāraņi-mandala discovered in Buddhist sculpture, However, only the latter image continued to be made after the Goryeo dynasty. One example of the second version was found stamped on a silk chogori discovered in the Wooden Seated Child Mañjuśrī statue of Sangwõnsa Temple in P'yŏngch'ang. Created in 1466, the Manjuśrī statue was an important commission by the royal court, Thus, the stamped image of Yom's 1292 dhāraņi-mandala in this example of Buddhist sculpture demonstrates the influence and relevance of a new iconography that had persisted well into the Joseon dynasty. The dharani-mandala image conceived by Yõm Süngik in 1292 was worn or kept on the body in the belief that this act alone protected the wearer from affliction, Known as "an old man who practiced thaumaturgy by memorizing spells," Yõm created the dharani-mandala as an iconographic instrument that would cure any sickness that might plague the bearer, Perhaps most importantly, the new dharani-mandala image was accessible to all as both a convenient and affordable means of healing. Lastly, Yom's dhāraņi-mandala was also incorporated into the garments of bodhisattva and Buddha statues, which served to amplify their divine powers of dhāraņi.