A critical review on piezoelectric supercapacitors: Fundamentals, recent advances, and future directions

The global pursuit of sustainable energy solutions has led to an increased focus on integrating energy harvesting and storage technologies. Piezoelectric-supercapacitors (PSCs) have emerged as a notable innovation in this field, combining the mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion of piezoelectric materials with the high-efficiency energy storage of supercapacitors. This review presents a detailed analysis of PSCs, exploring their fundamental principles, recent advancements, and prospects. The study begins by examining the theoretical foundations of piezoelectricity and supercapacitance, elucidating the core mechanisms that underpin PSC functionality. Recent developments in PSC technology are rigorously assessed, with special attention given to innovations in piezoelectric separators, electrolyte systems, and electrode materials. These advancements have substantially improved the performance and efficiency of PSCs, paving the way for their practical application in various domains. This in-depth analysis aims to furnish researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the current state of PSC technology, guiding future innovations in this rapidly evolving area. As research progresses, PSCs are expected to play a pivotal role in fostering more sustainable and efficient electronic ecosystems, addressing the increasing global energy demands while advancing environmental sustainability.