Biogenic palladium nanoparticles: An effectual environmental benign catalyst for organic coupling reactions

Metal nanoparticles have always attracted attention for applied catalysis in technical fields including sensor applications. Biogenically synthesized nanoparticles are uniquely non-toxic and possess enhanced antimicrobial activity. Eco-friendly palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) synthesized from plant extracts and/or biopolymers have wide biomedical, environmental, and biosensor applications. The size, shape, stability, and catalytic behavior of PdNPs are influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, concentration of metallic salt, and concentration of plant extract/biopolymer solutions. This review article focuses on the comprehensive synthesis of biogenic PdNPs from phytochemicals/biopolymers and concisely reports their heterogeneous organic catalytic applications. Furthermore, improved catalytic efficiencies, selectivities, and reaction yields of organic coupling reactions catalyzed by biogenic PdNPs are discussed in detail. This review highlights the safety, sustainability, and effective catalytic activity of biogenic PdNPs for organic coupling reactions, which ensures lesser toxic waste generation and reduces hazardous effects on the environment.