Cd-Doped Li4-xCdxTi5O12 (x = 0.20) as a High Rate Capable and Stable Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Basit Ali, Raz Muhammad, Mobinul Islam, Daniel Adjah Anang, Da Seul Han, Iqra Moeez, Kyung Yoon Chung, Min kyung Cho, Ji Young Kim, Min Gyu Kim, Kyung Wan Nam

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

11 Scopus citations

Abstract

Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), an excellent anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), suffers from low electronic conductivity, limiting its high-power rate application. An aliovalent metal ion doping strategy that tunes the electronic/ionic conductivity can mitigate this issue. In this work, we investigated a series of Cd2+ dopings on the Li4-xCdxTi5O12 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20) anode material by considering its effect on structural and electrochemical performance in Li- and Na-ion batteries. Combined Rietveld refinement and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis explicitly identified Cd2+ doping into the Li(8a) tetrahedral site of the cubic spinel LTO structure. According to high-resolution powder diffraction (HRPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 4-point probe, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), an increase in Cd2+ doping from 5 to 20% at the Li (8a) site in the LTO results in a reduction in particle size, an expansion of lattice, an increase in conductivity, and an increase in Ti3+ content to Ti4+ ratio. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HR-STEM) confirms that cadmium ions are interstitially doped in the LTO structure. Compared to the pristine LTO electrode in the Li half cell, the Li3.80Cd0.20Ti5O12 (Cd0.20-LTO) electrode showed a significant improvement in capacity at high rates and excellent cycling performance. The improvement in performance for Cd0.20-doped LTO is a consequence of the reduction in the diffusion path and the faster Li-ion kinetics. Therefore, this Cd-doped LTO series of electrodes demonstrates advantageous features for Li-ion battery systems.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)4198-4210
Number of pages13
JournalACS Applied Energy Materials
Volume6
Issue number8
DOIs
StatePublished - 24 Apr 2023

Keywords

  • Cd-doped LTO
  • high rate capable
  • lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)
  • sodium-ion batteries (SIBs)
  • spinel structure

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