TY - JOUR
T1 - Cost-effective screen-printed carbon electrode biosensors for rapid detection of microcystin-LR in surface waters for early warning of harmful algal blooms
AU - Stoll, Stephanie
AU - Hwang, Jae Hoon
AU - Fox, David W.
AU - Kim, Keugtae
AU - Zhai, Lei
AU - Lee, Woo Hyoung
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2023/12
Y1 - 2023/12
N2 - Microcystins (MCs) are toxins produced by cyanobacteria commonly found in harmful algal blooms (HABs). Due to their toxicity to humans and other organisms, the World Health Organization (WHO) sets a guideline of 1 μg L−1 for microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) in drinking water. However, current analytical techniques for the detection of MC-LR such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and ELISA are costly, bulky, time-consuming, and mostly conducted in a laboratory, requiring highly trained personnel. An analytical method that can be used in the field for rapid determination is essential. In this study, an anti-MC-LR/MC-LR/cysteamine-coated screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) biosensor was newly developed to detect MC-LR, bioelectrochemically, in water. The functionalization of the electrode surface was confirmed with surface characterization methods. The sensor performance was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), obtaining a linear working range of MC-LR concentrations between 0.1 and 100 μg L−1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.69 ng L−1. Natural water samples experiencing HABs were collected and analyzed using the developed biosensor, demonstrating the excellent performance of the biosensor with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.65%. The interference tests showed minimal error and RSD values against other common MCs and possible coexisting ions found in water. The biosensor showed acceptable functionality with a shelf life of up to 12 weeks. Overall, the anti-MC-LR/MC-LR/cysteamine/SPCE biosensors can be an innovative solution with characteristics that allow for in situ, low-cost, and easy-to-use capabilities which are essential for developing an overarching and integrated “smart” environmental management system. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
AB - Microcystins (MCs) are toxins produced by cyanobacteria commonly found in harmful algal blooms (HABs). Due to their toxicity to humans and other organisms, the World Health Organization (WHO) sets a guideline of 1 μg L−1 for microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) in drinking water. However, current analytical techniques for the detection of MC-LR such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and ELISA are costly, bulky, time-consuming, and mostly conducted in a laboratory, requiring highly trained personnel. An analytical method that can be used in the field for rapid determination is essential. In this study, an anti-MC-LR/MC-LR/cysteamine-coated screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) biosensor was newly developed to detect MC-LR, bioelectrochemically, in water. The functionalization of the electrode surface was confirmed with surface characterization methods. The sensor performance was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), obtaining a linear working range of MC-LR concentrations between 0.1 and 100 μg L−1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.69 ng L−1. Natural water samples experiencing HABs were collected and analyzed using the developed biosensor, demonstrating the excellent performance of the biosensor with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.65%. The interference tests showed minimal error and RSD values against other common MCs and possible coexisting ions found in water. The biosensor showed acceptable functionality with a shelf life of up to 12 weeks. Overall, the anti-MC-LR/MC-LR/cysteamine/SPCE biosensors can be an innovative solution with characteristics that allow for in situ, low-cost, and easy-to-use capabilities which are essential for developing an overarching and integrated “smart” environmental management system. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
KW - Antibody
KW - Biosensor
KW - Cyanobacteria
KW - Harmful algal blooms (HABs)
KW - MC-LR
KW - Microcystin
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85139386562&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s11356-022-23300-5
DO - 10.1007/s11356-022-23300-5
M3 - Article
C2 - 36194320
AN - SCOPUS:85139386562
SN - 0944-1344
VL - 30
SP - 124854
EP - 124865
JO - Environmental Science and Pollution Research
JF - Environmental Science and Pollution Research
IS - 60
ER -