Effective Defect Passivation with an Amino-Pyrazine Compound for Performance Improvement in Perovskite Solar Cells

Aminopyrazine (APz), a bifunctional additive with nitrogen-rich content and aromatic character, is investigated for its effectiveness in enhancing the stability and performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). When incorporated into the perovskite precursor solution, APz provides dual benefits: it strengthens the perovskite framework through hydrogen-bonding with halides and Lewis base coordination with under-coordinated lead to reduce defects at the surface and grain boundaries. The high nitrogen content and aromatic nature of APz further contribute to improved structural stability and moisture resistance in the perovskite films, enhancing charge transport. Optimized PSCs with APz achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.31% and retain over 94% of their initial PCE after 20 days of ambient storage. These findings highlight APz's potential as an additive, demonstrating that nitrogen-rich, aromatic additives can significantly improve PSC stability and efficiency, advancing their practical application.