Effects of Processed Red-clay and Microbial Fertilizer Containing Lactobacillus fermentum on Tomato Growth Characteristics, and Fruit Quality Levels

Global agricultural practices emphasize the demand for environmentally friendly and sustainable production strategies. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of processed red clay (PRC), an eco-friendly material derived from red clay, and a microbial fertilizer containing Lactobacillus fermentum (MFcL) on tomato growth, fruit quality levels, and soil properties. Tomatoes were transplanted and cultivated in open-field experiments. PRC, MFcL, and PRC+MFcL treatments were applied at 500 mL·plant^-1 four times at seven-day intervals. The chlorophyll content of tomato leaves decreased over time, with MFcL significantly affecting the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic quantum yield (F_v/F_m). Significant differences in certain fruit growth traits, including the fruit width, weight, and fruit shape index, were observed among the treatments. Significant variations (p < 0.05) in the total yield and fruit cracking percentage were also found between the non-fertilizer (NF) and PRC treatments. The application of PRC significantly reduced the fruit cracking percentage and enhanced the crude protein and fat content of the fruits compared to the NF treatment. In addition, MFcL significantly increased the soil-available phosphorus content and decreased pH levels, and PRC+MFcL promoted rhizobacterial growth, showcasing the potential of these biofertilizer treatments. The combined treatment of PRC and MFcL proved effective for growing tomatoes in open-field conditions. Further research should explore various PRC and microorganism combinations to gain a comprehensive understanding and to assess the potential of their rational application to crops.