Electrochemical conversion of biomass-derived aldehydes into fine chemicals and hydrogen: A review

The decrease in fossil fuel usage and the projected 28% increase in the global energy demand by 2040 are calling for advanced methods to convert modern biomass into fine chemicals. For instance, biomass-derived aldehydes appear as promising substitutes for the chemical and fuel industries. Here, we review electrochemical upgrading of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with a focus on catalysis and selectivity mechanisms. We also present hybrid water electrolysis systems for production of hydrogen and chemicals. We discuss electrochemical oxidation or hydrogenation of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using metal oxides, noble metals, transition metal nanoparticles and alloys, and nonoxides. We compare electrochemical processes with combustion, chemical, thermochemical, and biochemical processes for biomass conversion.