Electrochromism in composite WO₃-Nb₂O₅ thin films synthesized by spray pyrolysis technique

Composite WO₃-Nb₂O₅ thin films were deposited on the glass and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass substrates using simple and inexpensive spray pyrolysis technique. The process parameters, like nozzle-to-substrate distance, spray rate, concentration of sprayed solution, etc., were optimized to good quality films. The films were characterized for the structural, morphological, optical, and electrochromic properties. Structural and morphological characterizations of the films were carried out using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Electrochemical properties of the Composite WO₃-Nb2O₅ thin films were further studied using cyclic-voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronocoulometry, and electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy.