Enterococcus faecalis lipoteichoic acid suppresses Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-8 expression in human periodontal ligament cells

Periodontitis is caused by multi-bacterial infection and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Enterococcus faecalis are closely associated with inflammatory periodontal diseases. Although lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of A. actinomycetemcomitans (Aa. LPS) and lipoteichoic acid of E. faecalis (Ef. LTA) are considered to be major virulence factors evoking inflammatory responses, their combinatorial effect on the induction of chemokines has not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the interaction between Aa. LPS and Ef. LTA on IL-8 expression in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Aa. LPS, but not Ef. LTA, substantially induced IL-8 expression at the protein and mRNA levels. Interestingly, Ef. LTA suppressed Aa. LPS-induced IL-8 expression without affecting the binding of Aa. LPS to Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. Ef. LTA reduced Aa. LPS-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, including ERK, JNK and p38 kinase. Furthermore, Ef. LTA inhibited the Aa. LPS-induced transcriptional activities of the activating protein 1, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein and nuclear factor-kappa B transcription factors, all of which are known to regulate IL-8 gene expression. Ef. LTA augmented the expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-M (IRAK-M), a negative regulator of TLR intracellular signaling pathways, in the presence of Aa. LPS at both the mRNA and protein levels. Small interfering RNA silencing IRAK-M reversed the attenuation of Aa. LPS-induced IL-8 expression by Ef. LTA. Collectively, these results suggest that Ef. LTA down-regulates Aa. LPSinduced IL-8 expression in human PDL cells through up-regulation of the negative regulator IRAK-M.