Fe doped Ni-Mn-Co-O ceramics with varying Fe content as negative temperature coefficient sensors

Fe-doped Ni-Mn-Co-O (FNMC) ceramics with the formula, (Fe_xNi_0.3Co_0.9Mn_1.8−x, x=0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7)O₄ were synthesized using a spray drying process. Effect of Fe content on the phase evolution of FNMC compound during heat treatment was studied using X-ray diffraction. A single phase cubic spinel structure with improved crystallinity was observed when the Fe content increased over 0.5. Fe, Ni, Mn and Co ions were homogeneously distributed in the sintered the FNMC ceramics, implying no phase separation occurred during sintering. The valence state of each element was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which revealed that Ni, Co, and Fe might have a single valence state while Mn had mixed valence states in the FNMC spinel compounds. The temperature-dependent electrical resistance for the FNMC ceramics was measured. Room temperature resistance and the B-value substantially increased for the FNMC samples with Fe content higher than 0.5. The electrical properties of FNMC compounds can be optimized by controlling the Fe content, which is directly indicative of their potential role as negative temperature coefficient sensors.