TY - JOUR
T1 - Formulation of a stable biocosmetic nanoemulsion using a Bacillus lipopeptide as the green-emulsifier for skin-care applications
AU - Ganesan, Neela Gayathri
AU - Miastkowska, Małgorzata A.
AU - Pulit-Prociak, Jolanta
AU - Dey, Pinaki
AU - Rangarajan, Vivek
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - The current work aims to formulate a stable cosmetic nanoemulsion using nature-derived ingredients such as surfactin (a lipopeptide-type biosurfactant produced by Bacillus sp) as an emulsifier, plant-based essential oil as a bioactive ingredient, and coconut oil as the base oil using high-energy ultrasonication method. To accomplish a stable nanoemulsion formulation, experiments with varying combinations of surfactin concentration, essential oil concentration, ultrasonication time, and amplitude were performed. Statistical analysis of samples, based on the responses such as visual observation, droplet size, and polydispersity index, facilitated proper segregation of best-performing samples from those of poorly performing. Nanoemulsions formulated using optimal conditions of oil-to-surfactant ratio (O/S) of 7.4:1 (%w/w), ultrasonication amplitude of 40%, and ultrasonication time of 4.5 min showed greater stability with average droplets size of 170 ± 12 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.17 ± 0.01 and zeta potential of −56 ± 0.5 mV. The nanoemulsion remained completely stable with no sign of phase separation during the test period of 200 days. Further, the performance of samples toward different stability tests such as heat treatment, centrifugation test, NaCl treatment was satisfactory. In addition, nanoemulsion exhibited significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, the current study demonstrates the imminent potential of surfactin as a bio-emulsifier in skin-care cosmetics.
AB - The current work aims to formulate a stable cosmetic nanoemulsion using nature-derived ingredients such as surfactin (a lipopeptide-type biosurfactant produced by Bacillus sp) as an emulsifier, plant-based essential oil as a bioactive ingredient, and coconut oil as the base oil using high-energy ultrasonication method. To accomplish a stable nanoemulsion formulation, experiments with varying combinations of surfactin concentration, essential oil concentration, ultrasonication time, and amplitude were performed. Statistical analysis of samples, based on the responses such as visual observation, droplet size, and polydispersity index, facilitated proper segregation of best-performing samples from those of poorly performing. Nanoemulsions formulated using optimal conditions of oil-to-surfactant ratio (O/S) of 7.4:1 (%w/w), ultrasonication amplitude of 40%, and ultrasonication time of 4.5 min showed greater stability with average droplets size of 170 ± 12 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.17 ± 0.01 and zeta potential of −56 ± 0.5 mV. The nanoemulsion remained completely stable with no sign of phase separation during the test period of 200 days. Further, the performance of samples toward different stability tests such as heat treatment, centrifugation test, NaCl treatment was satisfactory. In addition, nanoemulsion exhibited significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, the current study demonstrates the imminent potential of surfactin as a bio-emulsifier in skin-care cosmetics.
KW - Nanoemulsion
KW - essential oil
KW - green cosmetics
KW - nanoemulsion stability
KW - oil droplet size
KW - surfactin
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85129340628&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/01932691.2022.2059502
DO - 10.1080/01932691.2022.2059502
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85129340628
SN - 0193-2691
VL - 44
SP - 2045
EP - 2057
JO - Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology
JF - Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology
IS - 11
ER -