Gasotransmitters signaling and their crosstalk with other signaling molecules under diverse stress conditions in plants

The growth and development of plants are significantly affected by abiotic stress, ultimately influencing their quality and yield. Further, the effects of global warming and alterations in rainfall patterns are leading to substantial losses in crop productivity. The detrimental effects of such stress include the disruption of cellular redox homeostasis, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress in different cellular compartments, leading to their accumulation in various regions of the plant. This accumulation ultimately causes deleterious effects on proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and DNA, which can result in membrane impairment and cell death. To counter these stressors and maintain essential balance, plants employ various mechanisms. Notably, the study of gasotransmitters in plants has garnered substantial attention, particularly in the context of abiotic stress. Gasotransmitters, a class of signaling molecules, play a crucial role in the functioning of plants under stress conditions. Examples of gasotransmitters include carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Furthermore, when plants experience combined stress, these gasotransmitters modulate cellular activities by interacting with other components of signal transduction. These gasotransmitters, in turn, boost the activity of several antioxidant enzymes, mitigate ROS harm, and enhance plant tolerance to diverse stress conditions. Therefore, the primary goal of this article is to familiarize readers with the production of gasotransmitters in plants, triggered by abiotic stress. Additionally, the interaction of gasotransmitters in plants under abiotic stress is discussed. Hence, understanding the specific and multifactorial stress conditions in which gasotransmitters are produced and exploring the crosstalk between various gasotransmitters can help elucidate how plants withstand multiple abiotic stresses effectively. Thus, due to their promising potential in agriculture, gasotransmitters are expected to find widespread adoption in the near future to enhance agriculture production through developing climate-smart cultivars, especially in the context of changing climate scenarios.