High‐performance multi‐stream management for SSDS

Owing to their advantages over hard disc drives (HDDs), solid‐state drives (SSDs) are widely used in many applications, including consumer electronics and data centers. As erase operations are feasible only in block units, modification or deletion of pages cause invalidation of the pages in their corresponding blocks. To reclaim these invalid pages, the valid pages in the block are copied to other blocks, and the block with the invalid pages is initialized, which adversely affects the performance and durability of the SSD. The objective of a multi‐stream SSD is to group data by their expected lifetimes and store each group of data in a separate area called a stream to minimize the frequency of wasteful copy‐back and initialization operations. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that groups the data based on input/output (I/O) types and rewrite frequency, which show significant improvements over existing multi‐stream algorithms not only for performance but also for effectiveness in covering most applications.