Indoor positioning in 5G new radio: how it works, status quo of research, and the road ahead

Jiaqi Li; Seung Hoon Hwang

doi:10.1016/j.icte.2025.10.008

Indoor positioning in 5G new radio: how it works, status quo of research, and the road ahead

Jiaqi Li
, Seung Hoon Hwang

Department of Electronics & Electrical Engineering

Dongguk University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

In this paper, the architecture and mechanism of 5G New Radio indoor positioning schemes such as downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), uplink (UL) TDOA, multiple-cell round trip time (Multi-RTT), DL angle of departure, UL angle of arrival (AOA), and enhanced cell-ID, are comprehensively described. In addition, their performances are investigated under different channel bandwidths and conditions, and antenna configurations. Numerical results show the time-based schemes provide more benefit by wider bandwidth, while the angle-based schemes give gains by more antenna elements. Note that the Multi-RTT achieves the best accuracy with line-of-sight (LOS) conditions, while the UL-AOA does with non-LOS.

Original language	English
Journal	ICT Express
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2025.10.008
State	Accepted/In press - 2025

Keywords

5G positioning
Angle of arrival
Angle of departure
Cell identification
Indoor positioning
Localization
Time difference of arrival

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10.1016/j.icte.2025.10.008

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title = "Indoor positioning in 5G new radio: how it works, status quo of research, and the road ahead",

abstract = "In this paper, the architecture and mechanism of 5G New Radio indoor positioning schemes such as downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), uplink (UL) TDOA, multiple-cell round trip time (Multi-RTT), DL angle of departure, UL angle of arrival (AOA), and enhanced cell-ID, are comprehensively described. In addition, their performances are investigated under different channel bandwidths and conditions, and antenna configurations. Numerical results show the time-based schemes provide more benefit by wider bandwidth, while the angle-based schemes give gains by more antenna elements. Note that the Multi-RTT achieves the best accuracy with line-of-sight (LOS) conditions, while the UL-AOA does with non-LOS.",

keywords = "5G positioning, Angle of arrival, Angle of departure, Cell identification, Indoor positioning, Localization, Time difference of arrival",

author = "Jiaqi Li and Hwang, \{Seung Hoon\}",

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year = "2025",

doi = "10.1016/j.icte.2025.10.008",

language = "English",

journal = "ICT Express",

issn = "2405-9595",

publisher = "Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Indoor positioning in 5G new radio

T2 - how it works, status quo of research, and the road ahead

AU - Li, Jiaqi

AU - Hwang, Seung Hoon

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - In this paper, the architecture and mechanism of 5G New Radio indoor positioning schemes such as downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), uplink (UL) TDOA, multiple-cell round trip time (Multi-RTT), DL angle of departure, UL angle of arrival (AOA), and enhanced cell-ID, are comprehensively described. In addition, their performances are investigated under different channel bandwidths and conditions, and antenna configurations. Numerical results show the time-based schemes provide more benefit by wider bandwidth, while the angle-based schemes give gains by more antenna elements. Note that the Multi-RTT achieves the best accuracy with line-of-sight (LOS) conditions, while the UL-AOA does with non-LOS.

AB - In this paper, the architecture and mechanism of 5G New Radio indoor positioning schemes such as downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), uplink (UL) TDOA, multiple-cell round trip time (Multi-RTT), DL angle of departure, UL angle of arrival (AOA), and enhanced cell-ID, are comprehensively described. In addition, their performances are investigated under different channel bandwidths and conditions, and antenna configurations. Numerical results show the time-based schemes provide more benefit by wider bandwidth, while the angle-based schemes give gains by more antenna elements. Note that the Multi-RTT achieves the best accuracy with line-of-sight (LOS) conditions, while the UL-AOA does with non-LOS.

KW - 5G positioning

KW - Angle of arrival

KW - Angle of departure

KW - Cell identification

KW - Indoor positioning

KW - Localization

KW - Time difference of arrival

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U2 - 10.1016/j.icte.2025.10.008

DO - 10.1016/j.icte.2025.10.008

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:105025035534

SN - 2405-9595

JO - ICT Express

JF - ICT Express

ER -

Indoor positioning in 5G new radio: how it works, status quo of research, and the road ahead

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Keywords

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