Influence of different unifloral honeys on heterocyclic aromatic amine formation and overall mutagenicity in fried ground-beef patties

The effects of different unifloral honeys (buckwheat, clover, and sage), carbohydrates (fructose, glucose, and sucrose), and antioxidants (vitamin E, BHT), and Trolox® (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman2-carboxylic acid) on heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formation and overall mutagenicity in fried ground patties were evaluated. The inhibition of total HAA formation was achieved with buckwheat (55%), clover (52%), and sage (51%); and they also reduced overall mutagenicity 36, 31, and 26%, respectively. The addition of fructose, glucose, or fructose and glucose together, at levels comparable to their occurrence in honey, reduced (p < 0.05) mutagenicity and HAA formation by amounts comparable to that found with honey.