TY - JOUR
T1 - Meta-analysis of smoking and breast cancer risk
T2 - by age of smoking initiation
AU - Peng, Ge Yu
AU - Lee, Gaeun
AU - Kim, Sohyun
AU - Chen, Qiao Yi
AU - Park, Yooheon
AU - Keum, Na Na
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Japanese Breast Cancer Society 2025.
PY - 2025/9
Y1 - 2025/9
N2 - Background: Mounting evidence suggests that smoking increases breast cancer risk. Despite a worldwide increase in adolescent smoking, potential heterogeneity in the relationship by timing of smoking initiation has not been systematically evaluated. Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched through January 2024 for relevant epidemiologic studies. The summary relative risk (SRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated by smoking initiation age (≤ 15 years, 15–20 years, ≥ 20 years) using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. Results: A total of 30 case–control studies and 20 cohort studies were included. The SRR was 1.08 (95% CI = 1.02–1.14, p < 0.05, I2 = 54%) for smoking initiated at age ≤ 15 years, 1.10 (95% CI = 1.07–1.14, p < 0.001, I2 = 32%) for smoking initiated at age 15–20 years, and 1.08 (95% CI = 1.04–1.12, p < 0.001, I2 = 42%) for smoking initiated at age ≥ 20 years. When timing of smoking initiation was defined relative to first childbirth, SRR was 1.10 (95% CI = 1.05–1.15, p < 0.001, I2 = 34%) for smoking initiated before first childbirth, and 1.05 (95% CI = 0.99–1.11, p = 0.13, I2 = 39%) for smoking initiated after first childbirth. Conclusions: Smoking, regardless of age of initiation, may increase breast cancer risk. More studies are warranted to clarify how the timing of smoking initiation relative to first childbirth modifies the relationship between smoking and breast cancer risk.
AB - Background: Mounting evidence suggests that smoking increases breast cancer risk. Despite a worldwide increase in adolescent smoking, potential heterogeneity in the relationship by timing of smoking initiation has not been systematically evaluated. Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched through January 2024 for relevant epidemiologic studies. The summary relative risk (SRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated by smoking initiation age (≤ 15 years, 15–20 years, ≥ 20 years) using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. Results: A total of 30 case–control studies and 20 cohort studies were included. The SRR was 1.08 (95% CI = 1.02–1.14, p < 0.05, I2 = 54%) for smoking initiated at age ≤ 15 years, 1.10 (95% CI = 1.07–1.14, p < 0.001, I2 = 32%) for smoking initiated at age 15–20 years, and 1.08 (95% CI = 1.04–1.12, p < 0.001, I2 = 42%) for smoking initiated at age ≥ 20 years. When timing of smoking initiation was defined relative to first childbirth, SRR was 1.10 (95% CI = 1.05–1.15, p < 0.001, I2 = 34%) for smoking initiated before first childbirth, and 1.05 (95% CI = 0.99–1.11, p = 0.13, I2 = 39%) for smoking initiated after first childbirth. Conclusions: Smoking, regardless of age of initiation, may increase breast cancer risk. More studies are warranted to clarify how the timing of smoking initiation relative to first childbirth modifies the relationship between smoking and breast cancer risk.
KW - Breast cancer
KW - Smoking
KW - Smoking initiation
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105007158226
U2 - 10.1007/s12282-025-01715-5
DO - 10.1007/s12282-025-01715-5
M3 - Article
C2 - 40461913
AN - SCOPUS:105007158226
SN - 1340-6868
VL - 32
SP - 905
EP - 916
JO - Breast Cancer
JF - Breast Cancer
IS - 5
ER -
