Metabolomic approaches to investigate the effect of metformin: An overview

Metformin is the first-line antidiabetic drug that is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Even though the various therapeutic potential of metformin treatment has been reported, as well as the improvement of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, the mechanisms underlying those benefits are still not fully understood. In order to explain the beneficial effects on metformin treatment, various metabolomics analyses have been applied to investigate the metabolic alterations in response to metformin treatment, and significant systemic metabolome changes were observed in biofluid, tissues, and cells. In this review, we compare the latest metabolomic research including clinical trials, animal models, and in vitro studies comprehen-sively to understand the overall changes of metabolome on metformin treatment.