Nanoparticles in plant system: A comprehensive review on their role in diverse stress management and phytohormone signaling

Climate variability has led to significant environmental shifts in recent years, placing growing strain on agricultural systems worldwide. These environmental fluctuations have magnified the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on plants, substantially hampering their growth and lowering crop productivity. To tackle these challenges, there is an urgent need for innovative and effective strategies that promote sustainable agricultural practices. Among emerging technologies, nanotechnology has attracted significant interest for its transformative potential in agriculture. The application of nanoscale materials including nanopesticides, nanofungicides, nanofertilizers, and nanoherbicides offers promising avenues for enhancing crop protection and boost productivity. Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit unique physicochemical properties that allow for precise and targeted delivery of nutrients and protective agents, thereby improving both the quality and yield of crops under diverse stress conditions. Phytohormone signaling pathways comprise intricate biochemical networks that enable plant hormones to regulate growth, development, and stress responses by transmitting and amplifying precise molecular signals. Recent studies suggest that NPs can alleviate stress-induced damage in plants by modulating phytohormone signaling pathways. However, the complex mechanisms underlying the interactions between NPs and phytohormone biosynthesis remain largely unexplored. This review offers a comprehensive overview of nanoparticle synthesis methods, types, and characterization techniques, with particular emphasis on their potential for mitigating both abiotic and biotic stresses. In addition, the article explores the role of NPs in plant pathology, particularly in disease detection and management. It also highlights emerging evidence on the impact of NPs on phytohormone signaling pathways, which are crucial for improving plant resilience and productivity in stress-prone environments. Thus, nanotechnology holds considerable promise for alleviating stress-related challenges and improving crop yields. A deeper understanding of NP–phytohormone interactions is crucial for developing safe and effective nanotechnological strategies to advance sustainable agriculture.