Nanospheres of TiO₂/MoS₂ composites synthesized via two-step chemical route for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes

The increasing demand for sustainable and high-performance energy storage solutions necessitates the development of advanced electrode materials with superior electrochemical properties. This study presents a novel titanium oxide (TiO₂) @ molybdenum sulfide (MoS₂) (T@M) composite electrode, synthesized through an efficient dual-method approach combining sol-gel and hydrothermal techniques. By systematically varying MoS₂ incorporation within the TiO₂ matrix, we investigate the impact of composition on the structural, morphological, and electrochemical performance of the composite electrodes. The results reveal that optimized MoS₂ content significantly enhances the electrochemical characteristics, with the TM-2 composite achieving an impressive areal capacitance of 5.19 F/cm² at 20 mA/cm² and an energy density of 0.22 mWh/cm² at 5.5 mW/cm². Notably, the TM-2 sample exhibits exceptional long-term cycling stability, retaining 64.74 % of its capacitance after 20,000 cycles. Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor device fabricated from the TM-2 composite demonstrates an areal capacitance of 1.11 mF/cm² at 10 mA/cm², an energy density of 0.26 mWh/cm², and a power density of 6.5 mW/cm², with 61.1 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles. These findings underscore the remarkable potential of T@M composites for high-performance, durable energy storage applications.