Sulfonic acid functionalized β-amyloid peptide aggregation inhibitors and antioxidant agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Combining machine learning, computational, in vitro and in vivo approaches

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized as a neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by plaque formation by accumulating β-amyloid (Aβ), leading to neurocognitive function and impaired mental development. Thus, targeting Aβ represents a promising target for the development of therapeutics in AD management. Several functionalized sulfonic acid molecules have been reported, including tramiprosate prodrug, which is currently in clinical trial III and exhibits a good response in mild to moderate AD patients. Therefore, expanding upon this approach, we hypothesized that the sulfonic acid functionalized aromatic class molecule might demonstrate a good inhibitory effect against β-amyloid aggregation, leading to a decrease in the progression burden of AD. We used computational and in vitro approaches to establish effective compounds. As a result, three potent hit molecules were selected based on binding score as well as availability. In the case of safety profile of compounds, in vitro using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in vivo using C. elegans was performed at doses up to 500 μM; no difference in viability was exhibited between control and treatment groups. However, H₂O₂-induced ROS stress was significantly reduced in neuroblastoma cells after treatment. The AFM and ThT-embedded β-amyloid_1–42 kinetic studies confirmed B-PEA-MBSA and H-HPA-NSA potency. H-HPA-NSA arrested elongation phase of Aβ aggregation in kinetic study at a lower concentration (10 μM), while B-PEA-MBSA reduced the intensity of stationary phase at a dose of 100 μM. Thus, based on the outcomes, it can be suggested that B-PEA-MBSA and H-HPA-NSA can prevent β-amyloid aggregation with mild to moderate AD.