TY - JOUR
T1 - 222Radon reduction in small-scale water supply systems using low-technology reduction methods in the Republic of Korea
T2 - A field research and mass balance model approach
AU - Kim, Youngyeon
AU - Jang, Youngho
AU - Kim, Hyeon
AU - Shin, Hyungsoon
AU - Singh, Rajendra
AU - Kim, Keugtae
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2023
PY - 2023/4/15
Y1 - 2023/4/15
N2 - In rural areas, low-technology radon reduction methods are essential for safe access to clean groundwater. This study monitored the radon reduction rates in small-scale groundwater-based water supply systems in the Republic of Korea and also presented a mass balance equation using physical environmental conditions from three radon reduction methods. The mass balance results showed that the radon reduction rate would be affected by the groundwater flow rate (m3/day), capacity of the drainage facility (m3), surface area of air-water interface (m2), air-water ratio (dimensionless), and ventilation system. The radon reduction order was as follows: simultaneously powered and non-powered aeration method (free-fall (60.0 %) > aeration (19.6 %) > decay (0.9 %) > diffusion (0.2 %)), low-technology non-powered aeration (free-fall (60.0 %) > decay (3.4 %) > diffusion (0.9 %)), and only storage (free-fall (35.5 %) > decay (4.4 %) > diffusion (1.1 %)). Overall, non-powered aeration using the maximum free-fall effect has the potential for use as a low-technology reduction method and natural decay during water storage is the most important factor underlying seasonal variations in the reduction effect.
AB - In rural areas, low-technology radon reduction methods are essential for safe access to clean groundwater. This study monitored the radon reduction rates in small-scale groundwater-based water supply systems in the Republic of Korea and also presented a mass balance equation using physical environmental conditions from three radon reduction methods. The mass balance results showed that the radon reduction rate would be affected by the groundwater flow rate (m3/day), capacity of the drainage facility (m3), surface area of air-water interface (m2), air-water ratio (dimensionless), and ventilation system. The radon reduction order was as follows: simultaneously powered and non-powered aeration method (free-fall (60.0 %) > aeration (19.6 %) > decay (0.9 %) > diffusion (0.2 %)), low-technology non-powered aeration (free-fall (60.0 %) > decay (3.4 %) > diffusion (0.9 %)), and only storage (free-fall (35.5 %) > decay (4.4 %) > diffusion (1.1 %)). Overall, non-powered aeration using the maximum free-fall effect has the potential for use as a low-technology reduction method and natural decay during water storage is the most important factor underlying seasonal variations in the reduction effect.
KW - Rn
KW - Groundwater
KW - Mass balance
KW - Natural radioactive material
KW - Small-scale water supply system
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85147088540&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161820
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161820
M3 - Article
C2 - 36707002
AN - SCOPUS:85147088540
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 869
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
M1 - 161820
ER -