Synergistic electrochemical behavior of MXene/carbon hybrids for high-performance zinc-ion batteries

MXenes have emerged as promising electrode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) owing to their high electrical conductivity, hydrophilic surfaces, and layered structures that enable efficient Zn²⁺ ion transport. However, their practical application is hindered by challenges such as nanosheet restacking, surface oxidation, and insufficient long-term cycling stability. To address these limitations, extensive efforts have been devoted to constructing MXene/carbon (C) hybrid electrodes by integrating MXenes with C-based materials, including graphene, C nanotubes (CNTs), C nanofibers (CNFs), activated C, and porous carbons. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent progress in MXene/C composite electrodes for ZIBs, with particular emphasis on material design principles and synergistic electrochemical behavior. This review systematically summarizes synthesis strategies, structural engineering approaches, and charge-storage mechanisms of MXene/C hybrids, highlighting how dimensional compatibility, heteroatom doping, and porous architectures improve ion/electron transport, structural stability, and cycling durability. In addition, practical considerations such as scalable fabrication, electrolyte optimization, and full-cell configurations are discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and future research directions for developing durable, high-performance MXene/C electrodes are outlined, aiming to guide the rational design of next-generation ZIB systems.