The rise of practical lithium-sulfur battery materials

Abstract Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, with their ultrahigh theoretical energy density (~2600 Wh·kg‒1), natural abundance, and low cost represent one of the most compelling next-generation energy storage technologies. However, their practical deployment remains hindered by polysulfide shuttling, sluggish sulfur redox kinetics, severe volume expansion, and limited cycle life. This review provides a comprehensive yet forward-looking analysis of the latest advances in Li-S batteries, emphasizing strategies that go beyond conventional sulfur hosts and electrolytes. Particular attention is given to emerging concepts such as single-atom catalysts, lattice strain engineering, defect modulation, redox mediator-assisted conversion, and high-entropy MXenes, which together offer new opportunities to regulate sulfur electrochemistry. In addition, we highlight the role of artificial solid-electrolyte interfaces and electrolyte optimization in stabilizing Li-metal anodes. By integrating computational insights with experimental breakthroughs, this review not only dissects the mechanistic origins of key challenges but also bridges the gap between laboratory demonstrations and scalable pouch-cell performance. An “Issues at a Glance” framework is introduced to distill the most urgent obstacles and corresponding mitigation strategies. We conclude by outlining a roadmap for translating Li-S research into commercially viable systems. This work aims to serve as both a technical reference and a strategic guide for advancing Li-S batteries toward real-world applications.