Transition from small-area devices to large-area modules for perovskite photovoltaics

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been considered a promising candidate for next-generation photovoltaics due to their sharp increases in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Since the first realisation of efficient PSCs with a PCE of 3.9% in 2009, the record PCE reached 24.2% in 2019. The next step will undoubtedly be developing scale-up techniques for transitioning small-area devices to large-area modules. For the high-throughput and low-cost production of these largearea PSCs, roll-to-roll compatible printing methods such as doctor blading, spray deposition, screen printing and slot-die coating have been developed. Numerous efforts have been made to form a uniform and pinhole-free large-area perovskite films with a minimum drop in the PCE of PSC devices by developing fabrication processes with perovskite precursors; however, achieving fully roll-to-roll-processed large-area PSC modules remains the greatest challenge in the practical applications of PSCs. This book chapter will provide recent studies on the fabrication of PSCs using printing methods and large-area PSC modules, including the module concept, and will discuss various challenges and issues for the commercialisation of PSCs.