TY - JOUR
T1 - Validation of Olfactory Questionnaire in Koreans
T2 - an Alternative for Conventional Psychophysical Olfactory Tests
AU - Kim, Jeong Whun
AU - Kim, Hyo sang
AU - Kim, Minju
AU - Kim, Su Hwan
AU - Cho, Sung Woo
AU - Kim, Jin Youp
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021. All Rights Reserved.
PY - 2021/1
Y1 - 2021/1
N2 - Background: The patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a worldwide pandemic infection, frequently complain of olfactory disorders. However, psychophysical olfactory tests performed by an examiner are very difcult in these highly infectious patients. This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire for olfactory function that can be readily used to evaluate olfactory loss. Methods: Fourteen smell-related questions were created based on smells familiar to Koreans. Among them, questions with a κ value of 0.6 or higher were fnally selected through a test-retest reliability analysis. The correlations between the scores of the olfactory questionnaire and those of olfactory function tests (Butanol Threshold Test [BTT] and Cross Cultural Smell Identifcation Test [CCSIT]) were analyzed. To evaluate the predictive ability of the questionnaire and elicit cutof values, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated. Results: Out of the 14 questions in the questionnaire, 11 (κ > 0.6) were selected for the olfactory questionnaire. We analyzed 2,273 subjects, and there was a signifcant correlation between the total score of the olfactory questionnaire and the BTT (r = 0.643, P < 0.001) or CCSIT (r = 0.615, P < 0.001) scores. ROC curves for the olfactory questionnaire, BTT, and CCSIT all demonstrated high predictive power to discriminate anosmia and severe hyposmia from normosmia. Regarding mild to moderate hyposmia, however, ROC curve for the olfactory questionnaire alone showed high predictive power of discrimination from normosmia. Based on the results of ROC curves among the subclasses, we suggest the classifcation of the total score of the questionnaire as 0–4, 5–17, 18–27, 28–41, and 42–44, for anosmia, severe hyposmia, moderate hyposmia, mild hyposmia, and normosmia, respectively. Conclusion: The total scores of the questionnaires correlated with the BTT and CCSIT scores. The symptom questionnaire for olfactory dysfunction may be useful as an alternative tool for olfactory function testing, when unavailable.
AB - Background: The patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a worldwide pandemic infection, frequently complain of olfactory disorders. However, psychophysical olfactory tests performed by an examiner are very difcult in these highly infectious patients. This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire for olfactory function that can be readily used to evaluate olfactory loss. Methods: Fourteen smell-related questions were created based on smells familiar to Koreans. Among them, questions with a κ value of 0.6 or higher were fnally selected through a test-retest reliability analysis. The correlations between the scores of the olfactory questionnaire and those of olfactory function tests (Butanol Threshold Test [BTT] and Cross Cultural Smell Identifcation Test [CCSIT]) were analyzed. To evaluate the predictive ability of the questionnaire and elicit cutof values, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated. Results: Out of the 14 questions in the questionnaire, 11 (κ > 0.6) were selected for the olfactory questionnaire. We analyzed 2,273 subjects, and there was a signifcant correlation between the total score of the olfactory questionnaire and the BTT (r = 0.643, P < 0.001) or CCSIT (r = 0.615, P < 0.001) scores. ROC curves for the olfactory questionnaire, BTT, and CCSIT all demonstrated high predictive power to discriminate anosmia and severe hyposmia from normosmia. Regarding mild to moderate hyposmia, however, ROC curve for the olfactory questionnaire alone showed high predictive power of discrimination from normosmia. Based on the results of ROC curves among the subclasses, we suggest the classifcation of the total score of the questionnaire as 0–4, 5–17, 18–27, 28–41, and 42–44, for anosmia, severe hyposmia, moderate hyposmia, mild hyposmia, and normosmia, respectively. Conclusion: The total scores of the questionnaires correlated with the BTT and CCSIT scores. The symptom questionnaire for olfactory dysfunction may be useful as an alternative tool for olfactory function testing, when unavailable.
KW - Anosmia
KW - Olfaction Disorders
KW - Sensation
KW - Smell
KW - Surveys and Questionnaires
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85101008962&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e34
DO - 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e34
M3 - Article
C2 - 33559405
AN - SCOPUS:85101008962
SN - 1011-8934
VL - 36
SP - 1
EP - 10
JO - Journal of Korean Medical Science
JF - Journal of Korean Medical Science
IS - 6
ER -