Water Oxidation Molecular Assemblies in Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cell: An Overview

Dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) are efficient and sustainable approaches for hydrogen production via water splitting, driven by solar energy. Recent advancements have focused on enhancing the performance and stability of photoanodes, which are critical for efficient water oxidation. Herein discussed are the latest innovations including the development of metal-free organic sensitizers, improved chromophore-catalyst assemblies, and core–shell structures. These advances lead to reduced electron–hole recombination, increased light absorption, and enhanced electron transfer efficiency. Pyridine-anchored sensitizers have shown superior stability compared to traditional carboxylate and phosphate anchors in water, while covalently linked chromophores and molecular catalysts provide long-term operational stability. Together, these improvements bring DSPEC technology closer to practical applications in green hydrogen production, addressing key challenges of energy efficiency, scalability, and system durability. These approaches could be explored further toward realizing cost-effective hydrogen production.